# Power Computation for Group Sequential Survival Designs

## Motivation

`gsSurv()` and `gsSurvCalendar()` derive sample sizes and enrollment rates to achieve a target power for a given hazard ratio. In practice, we often want to answer the reverse question: given a specified hazard ratio, fixed enrollment, dropout, and analysis timing assumptions, what power does the design achieve?

Common scenarios include:

- Sensitivity analysis: What happens to power if the true hazard ratio is 0.75 instead of the design assumption of 0.65?
- Changing alpha: What if the multiplicity scheme initially allocates \(\alpha = 0.0125\) and later allows \(\alpha = 0.025\)?
- Modified enrollment: What if enrollment is slower than planned?
- Different analysis times: What if interim analyses occur at calendar times that differ from the original design?

`gsSurvPower()` addresses these questions by computing power for a group sequential survival design under user-specified assumptions. For deriving the initial survival sample size design, see `vignette("gsSurvBasicExamples")`. For reproducing SAS PROC SEQDESIGN survival sample size output, see `vignette("SeqDesignSurvival")`.

## Quick start

If you already have a design object, the most common workflow is to reuse its defaults and override only the assumptions you want to stress-test.

    design <- gsSurv(
      k = 3, test.type = 4, alpha = 0.025, sided = 1, beta = 0.1,
      sfu = sfHSD, sfupar = -4, sfl = sfHSD, sflpar = -2,
      lambdaC = log(2) / 12, hr = 0.7, hr0 = 1,
      eta = 0.01, gamma = 10, R = 16, minfup = 12, T = 28
    )

    pwr_design <- gsSurvPower(x = design, plannedCalendarTime = design$T)
    pwr_design$power

    ## [1] 0.9

The returned object contains the same design-style structure as `gsSurv()`, but with `variable = "Power"`. The most useful components to inspect first are:

- `pwr_design$power` for overall power.
- `pwr_design$n.I` for expected events at each analysis.
- `pwr_design$T` for analysis times.
- `pwr_design$timing` for information fractions.
- `pwr_design$upper$bound` and `pwr_design$lower$bound` for the bounds being applied.

## How gsSurvPower uses your inputs

`gsSurvPower()` accepts an optional `gsSurv`-class object `x`, including output from `gsSurv()` and `gsSurvCalendar()`, that provides defaults for all parameters. Any parameter the user explicitly specifies overrides the corresponding value from `x`. When `x` is not provided, all design parameters must be specified directly.

### Hazard ratio roles

Two distinct hazard ratios play different roles:

- `hr`: The assumed hazard ratio under which power is computed. This is the “what-if” treatment effect.
- `hr1`: The design hazard ratio used to calibrate futility bounds (`test.type` 3, 4, 7, 8 only; not used for `test.type` 5, 6 or harm bounds). When `x` is provided, `hr1` defaults to `x$hr` (the effect size the trial was originally designed for). Futility bounds remain calibrated to the design assumption even when power is evaluated under a different `hr`.

### Analysis timing: calendar time vs. event-driven

Analysis times can be specified by calendar time, by target event counts, or by a combination of criteria. The choice has an important consequence for sensitivity analyses:

- `plannedCalendarTime` fixes the calendar time of each analysis. Expected events are then recomputed under the assumed HR. A worse HR (closer to 1) produces more expected events at the same calendar time because the experimental arm fails faster. This gives an “unconditional” power that reflects how the assumed treatment effect influences event accrual.

- `targetEvents` fixes the event count at each analysis. The calendar time is the time until expected events reach the target under the assumed HR. Since the event counts are held constant, the information fractions do not change with HR, and the resulting power matches the `gsDesign` power plot (`plot(x, plottype = 2)`) to numerical precision.

Both modes are useful. Calendar-time analyses are natural when the protocol specifies analysis dates; event-driven analyses are natural when the protocol specifies event targets.

### Quick decision guide

If the protocol fixes… | Use… | What changes in a sensitivity analysis
--- | --- | ---
Analysis dates | `plannedCalendarTime` | Expected events and information fractions
Event targets | `targetEvents` | Time until expected events reach those targets

Additional criteria can be combined per-analysis, each specified as a scalar (recycled to all `k` analyses) or a vector of length `k` with `NA` for “not applicable”:

- `maxExtension`: Maximum time beyond the floor to wait for target events.
- `minTimeFromPreviousAnalysis`: Minimum elapsed time since the previous analysis.
- `minN`: Minimum sample size enrolled before analysis.
- `minFollowUp`: Minimum follow-up after `minN` is reached.

When multiple criteria apply to a single analysis, the analysis time is the maximum of all floor criteria, with `targetEvents` potentially extending beyond the floor. `maxExtension` acts as a hard cap: the analysis time never exceeds `plannedCalendarTime + maxExtension` (or `T[i-1] + maxExtension` when no calendar time is specified), even if other criteria such as `minTimeFromPreviousAnalysis` or `minN + minFollowUp` would push it later.

### Spending and method

- `spending`: One of `"information"` (default) or `"calendar"`. Information-based spending tracks the fraction of statistical information accumulated; calendar-based spending sets `usTime = lsTime = T / max(T)`. Custom spending times can also be passed via `usTime` and `lsTime`, but they are ignored when `spending = "calendar"`.

- `informationRates`: Planned information fractions (vector of length `k`). When provided, spending fractions are `pmin(informationRates, actual_timing)` at each analysis, preventing over-spending when events arrive faster than planned and under-spending when behind. This planned-vs-actual information scale takes precedence over `spending`, `usTime`, and `lsTime`; upper and lower spending both use the same capped vector.

- `fullSpendingAtFinal`: When `TRUE`, the final element of the spending-time vector is forced to 1 after applying `informationRates`, calendar spending, or user-supplied `usTime` / `lsTime`. This is useful when the selected spending-time vector would otherwise end below 1.

- `method`: One of `"LachinFoulkes"` (default), `"Schoenfeld"`, `"Freedman"`, or `"BernsteinLagakos"`. Controls how fixed-design events (`n.fix`) and drift parameter \(\theta\) are computed when `x` is not provided. When `x` is provided, `x$n.fix` and, implicitly, \(\theta\) are used directly for exact consistency with the design.

### Stratified targetEvents

`targetEvents` accepts a scalar (recycled), a vector of length `k` (one overall target per analysis), or a matrix with `k` rows and `nstrata` columns (per-stratum targets). A vector of length `k` is always interpreted as overall targets; to specify per-stratum targets for a single analysis, use a 1-row matrix.

## Power under alternative assumptions

Passing the design’s analysis times with the same hazard ratio exactly reproduces the design power (90%). Internally, `gsSurvPower()` uses `x$n.fix` (when `x` is provided) so that the drift parameter \(\theta\) and bounds are normalized identically to `gsSurv()`. The assumed HR’s drift is obtained by method-specific scaling:

- For Schoenfeld, LachinFoulkes, and BernsteinLagakos: \(\theta_{\text{assumed}} = \theta_{\text{design}} \times |\log(\text{hr}/\text{hr}_0)| / |\log(\text{hr}_1/\text{hr}_0)|\)
- For Freedman: \(\theta_{\text{assumed}} = \theta_{\text{design}} \times |\delta(\text{hr})| / |\delta(\text{hr}_1)|\) where \(\delta(\text{hr}) = (\text{hr} - 1) / (\text{hr} + 1/\text{ratio})\)

This reproduces the design power exactly at `hr = hr1` and scales correctly for other hazard ratios, matching `rpact::getPowerSurvival()` to within 0.5% across methods.

    cat("Design power:", round((1 - design$beta) * 100, 1), "%\n")

    ## Design power: 90 %

    cat("gsSurvPower:  ", round(pwr_design$power * 100, 1), "%\n")

    ## gsSurvPower:   90 %

### Power under a different hazard ratio

Suppose the true treatment effect is HR = 0.8 instead of the design assumption of 0.7:

    pwr_worse <- gsSurvPower(x = design, hr = 0.8, plannedCalendarTime = design$T)
    cat("Power at HR = 0.8:", round(pwr_worse$power * 100, 1), "%\n")

    ## Power at HR = 0.8: 54.1 %

The futility bounds remain calibrated to the design HR (0.7), but power is evaluated under the assumed HR (0.8).

### Power over a range of hazard ratios

    hr_grid <- seq(0.55, 0.90, by = 0.05)
    power_vals <- sapply(hr_grid, function(h) {
      p <- gsSurvPower(x = design, hr = h, plannedCalendarTime = design$T)
      p$power
    })
    results <- data.frame(HR = hr_grid, Power = round(power_vals * 100, 1))
    results

    ##     HR Power
    ## 1 0.55  99.9
    ## 2 0.60  99.4
    ## 3 0.65  97.1
    ## 4 0.70  90.0
    ## 5 0.75  75.2
    ## 6 0.80  54.1
    ## 7 0.85  32.5
    ## 8 0.90  16.2

## Multiple timing criteria

Real trials often use multiple criteria for analysis timing. In practice, a protocol may specify target event counts, planned calendar times, minimum follow-up after enrollment completes, and caps on how long analyses can be delayed. `gsSurvPower()` lets you combine all of these in a single call. Approximations are based on expected event accumulation under the assumed HR. Thus, computations do not take into account the stochastic variability in event accrual. While `gsSurvPower()` should be adequate for most purposes, verification for key scenarios should consider simulation using the simtrial R package.

### Setup

The design enrolls at rate 39.3 patients/month for 16 months (629 patients total), with a 12-month control median and HR = 0.7. The three analyses are planned at months 12.4, 18.9, 28, so IA1 occurs before planned enrollment completion and IA2/FA occur after.

We layer four criteria:

Criterion | IA1 | IA2 | FA
--- | --- | --- | ---
`plannedCalendarTime` | 12.4 | 18.9 | 28
`targetEvents` | 117.7 | 235.5 | 353.2
`minN + minFollowUp` | — | all enrolled + 2 mo | all enrolled + 12 mo
`maxExtension` | 3 mo | 12 mo | 20 mo

The floor for each analysis is the latest of the applicable `plannedCalendarTime`, `minN + minFollowUp`, and previous-analysis constraints. If expected events have not reached the target at the floor, the analysis can be extended until the time that expected events reach the target, up to `plannedCalendarTime + maxExtension`.

    total_N <- floor(sum(design$gamma * design$R))

### Baseline: design assumptions

Under design assumptions the criteria reproduce the planned timing exactly. The `minN + minFollowUp` floor for IA2 is 16 + 2 = 18 months, which is below the planned time of 18.9 months, so the planned calendar time drives IA2. The FA floor from `minN + minFollowUp` is 16 + 12 = 28, which coincides with the planned time. Since the design’s expected event counts match the targets, the `maxExtension` is not needed and the result matches the design power.

    pwr_multi <- gsSurvPower(
      x = design,
      targetEvents = design$n.I,
      plannedCalendarTime = design$T,
      minN = c(NA, total_N, total_N),
      minFollowUp = c(NA, 2, 12),
      maxExtension = c(3, 12, 20)
    )

    data.frame(
      Analysis = 1:design$k,
      Planned_Time = round(design$T, 1),
      Actual_Time = round(pwr_multi$T, 1),
      Target_Events = round(design$n.I, 1),
      Actual_Events = round(pwr_multi$n.I, 1)
    )

    ##   Analysis Planned_Time Actual_Time Target_Events
    ## 1        1         12.4        12.4         117.7
    ## 2        2         18.9        18.9         235.5
    ## 3        3         28.0        28.0         353.2
    ##   Actual_Events
    ## 1         117.7
    ## 2         235.5
    ## 3         353.2

    cat("Power:", round(pwr_multi$power * 100, 1), "%\n")

    ## Power: 90 %

### Scenario 1: slower enrollment

If enrollment proceeds at half the planned rate, it takes 32 months to reach 629 patients. If we simply target the same sample size (double the duration of enrollment) and event targets, we will extend the expected timing of analyses from 12.4, 18.9, 28 months but have the same power and bounds.

    pwr_slow_simple <- gsSurvPower(
      x = design,
      gamma = design$gamma / 2,
      targetN = total_N,
      targetEvents = design$n.I
    )

    pwr_slow_simple |> gsBoundSummary()

    ## Method: LachinFoulkes
    ##     Analysis              Value Efficacy Futility
    ##    IA 1: 33%                  Z   3.0107  -0.2388
    ##       N: 364        p (1-sided)   0.0013   0.5944
    ##  Events: 118       ~HR at bound   0.5741   1.0450
    ##    Month: 19   P(Cross) if HR=1   0.0013   0.4056
    ##              P(Cross) if HR=0.7   0.1412   0.0148
    ##    IA 2: 67%                  Z   2.5465   0.9410
    ##       N: 556        p (1-sided)   0.0054   0.1733
    ##  Events: 236       ~HR at bound   0.7176   0.8846
    ##    Month: 28   P(Cross) if HR=1   0.0062   0.8347
    ##              P(Cross) if HR=0.7   0.5815   0.0437
    ##        Final                  Z   1.9992   1.9992
    ##       N: 630        p (1-sided)   0.0228   0.0228
    ##  Events: 354       ~HR at bound   0.8084   0.8084
    ##    Month: 38   P(Cross) if HR=1   0.0233   0.9767
    ##              P(Cross) if HR=0.7   0.9000   0.1000

With `maxExtension = c(3, 12, 20)`, each analysis can extend beyond `plannedCalendarTime` by the specified amount while waiting for expected events to reach the target—but never past the cap. The `minN + minFollowUp` floor for IA2 is 32 + 2 = 34 months, far beyond `plannedCalendarTime[2] + maxExtension[2]`, so the cap overrides. Note that `maxExtension` is always measured from `plannedCalendarTime`, not from the floor, so it acts as a hard deadline on how long the sponsor is willing to wait.

    pwr_slow <- gsSurvPower(
      x = design,
      gamma = design$gamma / 2,
      targetEvents = design$n.I,
      plannedCalendarTime = design$T,
      minN = c(NA, total_N, total_N),
      minFollowUp = c(NA, 2, 12),
      maxExtension = c(3, 12, 20)
    )

    ## Warning in
    ## find_time_for_events(total_event_targets[analysis_index]):
    ## Target 353 events may not be achievable

    data.frame(
      Analysis = 1:design$k,
      Planned_Time = round(design$T, 1),
      Actual_Time = round(pwr_slow$T, 1),
      Target_Events = round(design$n.I, 1),
      Actual_Events = round(pwr_slow$n.I, 1)
    )

    ##   Analysis Planned_Time Actual_Time Target_Events
    ## 1        1         12.4        15.4         117.7
    ## 2        2         18.9        30.9         235.5
    ## 3        3         28.0        48.0         353.2
    ##   Actual_Events
    ## 1          86.1
    ## 2         189.3
    ## 3         233.6

    cat("Power:", round(pwr_slow$power * 100, 1), "%\n")

    ## Power: 74.3 %

Each analysis is capped by `plannedCalendarTime + maxExtension`. The final analysis achieves only 234 of the targeted 353 events, and power drops from 90% to 74.3%.

### Scenario 2: higher control failure rate

If the control median is 8 months instead of 12, events accumulate faster. Expected events reach the target well before the planned calendar times, so the `plannedCalendarTime` floor determines the analysis schedule. The trial over-runs its event targets substantially, yielding higher-than-planned power.

    pwr_fast <- gsSurvPower(
      x = design,
      lambdaC = log(2) / 8,
      targetEvents = design$n.I,
      plannedCalendarTime = design$T,
      minN = c(NA, total_N, total_N),
      minFollowUp = c(NA, 2, 12),
      maxExtension = c(3, 12, 20)
    )

    data.frame(
      Analysis = 1:design$k,
      Planned_Time = round(design$T, 1),
      Actual_Time = round(pwr_fast$T, 1),
      Target_Events = round(design$n.I, 1),
      Actual_Events = round(pwr_fast$n.I, 1)
    )

    ##   Analysis Planned_Time Actual_Time Target_Events
    ## 1        1         12.4        12.4         117.7
    ## 2        2         18.9        18.9         235.5
    ## 3        3         28.0        28.0         353.2
    ##   Actual_Events
    ## 1         161.5
    ## 2         310.8
    ## 3         437.7

    cat("Power:", round(pwr_fast$power * 100, 1), "%\n")

    ## Power: 94.9 %

The final analysis collects 438 events vs. the target of 353, and power rises to 94.9%.

### Controlling spending with informationRates

When events fall short of the target (as in Scenario 1), the actual information fraction at each analysis may be lower than planned. By default, bounds are computed at the actual information fractions. The `informationRates` parameter lets you cap spending at `pmin(informationRates, actual_timing)` — preventing over-spending if events arrive faster than planned, and under-spending if they arrive slower. This is useful when the protocol pre-specifies spending based on planned information fractions. If `informationRates` is supplied, this information-based cap takes precedence over `spending = "calendar"` and over manual `usTime` / `lsTime` overrides.

Setting `fullSpendingAtFinal = TRUE` forces the spending fraction at the final analysis to 1 after the capped spending fractions are computed. The example below uses a final planned spending fraction of 0.95 to show the effect explicitly. Without `fullSpendingAtFinal`, the final spending fraction would remain 0.95 rather than 1.

    # Scenario 1 with informationRates and fullSpendingAtFinal
    planned_info_rates <- c(design$timing[-design$k], 0.95)

    pwr_slow_ir <- gsSurvPower(
      x = design,
      gamma = design$gamma / 2,
      targetEvents = design$n.I,
      plannedCalendarTime = design$T,
      minN = c(NA, total_N, total_N),
      minFollowUp = c(NA, 2, 12),
      maxExtension = c(3, 12, 20),
      informationRates = planned_info_rates,
      fullSpendingAtFinal = TRUE
    )

    ## Warning in
    ## find_time_for_events(total_event_targets[analysis_index]):
    ## Target 353 events may not be achievable

    spending_frac_used <- pmin(planned_info_rates, pwr_slow_ir$timing)
    spending_frac_used[design$k] <- 1

    data.frame(
      Analysis = 1:design$k,
      Actual_Events = round(pwr_slow_ir$n.I, 1),
      Actual_InfoFrac = round(pwr_slow_ir$timing, 3),
      Planned_InfoFrac = round(planned_info_rates, 3),
      Spending_Frac = round(spending_frac_used, 3)
    )

    ##   Analysis Actual_Events Actual_InfoFrac Planned_InfoFrac
    ## 1        1          86.1           0.369            0.333
    ## 2        2         189.3           0.811            0.667
    ## 3        3         233.6           1.000            0.950
    ##   Spending_Frac
    ## 1         0.333
    ## 2         0.667
    ## 3         1.000

    cat("Power (default spending):       ", round(pwr_slow$power * 100, 1), "%\n")

    ## Power (default spending):        74.3 %

    cat("Power (capped + full final):    ", round(pwr_slow_ir$power * 100, 1), "%\n")

    ## Power (capped + full final):     76.2 %

With `fullSpendingAtFinal = TRUE`, the final spending fraction is 1 even though the capped planned-vs-actual fraction would otherwise be 0.95. This produces slightly different final bounds compared to the same `informationRates` specification with `fullSpendingAtFinal = FALSE`.

## Comparison with gsDesign power plots

The `gsDesign` package provides power plots via `plot(design, plottype = 2)`. These hold event counts fixed at the design values and vary only the drift parameter \(\theta\). The table below compares three approaches across a range of hazard ratios:

- gsDesign: `gsProbability()` with design bounds, design events, scaled \(\theta\). This is what `plot(design, plottype = 2)` computes.
- gsSurvPower (fixed events): `gsSurvPower()` with `targetEvents = design_events`. Events are held constant; calendar times adjust.
- gsSurvPower (fixed calendar): `gsSurvPower()` with `plannedCalendarTime = design$T`. Calendar times are held constant; events change with the assumed HR.

    design_events <- design$n.I
    hr_grid <- seq(0.55, 0.95, by = 0.05)

    comparison <- data.frame(
      HR = hr_grid,
      gsDesign_plot = sapply(hr_grid, function(h) {
        delta_ratio <- abs(log(h)) / abs(log(design$hr))
        theta_h <- design$delta * delta_ratio
        gsp <- gsDesign::gsProbability(
          k = design$k, theta = theta_h,
          n.I = design$n.I,
          a = design$lower$bound, b = design$upper$bound, r = 18)
        sum(gsp$upper$prob)
      }),
      fixed_events = sapply(hr_grid, function(h) {
        gsSurvPower(x = design, hr = h, targetEvents = design_events)$power
      }),
      fixed_calendar = sapply(hr_grid, function(h) {
        gsSurvPower(x = design, hr = h, plannedCalendarTime = design$T)$power
      })
    )
    comparison[, -1] <- round(comparison[, -1] * 100, 2)
    comparison

    ##     HR gsDesign_plot fixed_events fixed_calendar
    ## 1 0.55         99.95        99.95          99.92
    ## 2 0.60         99.57        99.57          99.43
    ## 3 0.65         97.40        97.40          97.14
    ## 4 0.70         90.00        90.00          90.00
    ## 5 0.75         74.37        74.37          75.21
    ## 6 0.80         52.53        52.53          54.10
    ## 7 0.85         31.05        31.05          32.54
    ## 8 0.90         15.36        15.36          16.20
    ## 9 0.95          6.44         6.44           6.69

Key observations:

- The `gsDesign_plot` and `fixed_events` columns match to numerical precision because both condition on the same event counts at each analysis. When using `targetEvents`, `gsSurvPower()` reproduces the `gsDesign` power plot exactly.

- The `fixed_calendar` column differs modestly because fixing calendar times allows the expected event count to change with the assumed HR. A worse HR (closer to 1) produces more expected events at the same calendar time, since the experimental arm has a higher failure rate. This slightly changes the statistical information at each analysis, producing an “unconditional” power that accounts for the interplay between treatment effect and event accrual.

### Bounds stability

When using `targetEvents`, the efficacy and futility bounds do not change with the assumed HR. The bounds are determined entirely by the design parameters (alpha/beta spending, information fractions, `n.fix`) and are reused directly from the input design `x` when the timing matches:

    design_events <- design$n.I
    cat("Design bounds (Z-scale):\n")

    ## Design bounds (Z-scale):

    cat("  Efficacy:", round(design$upper$bound, 4), "\n")

    ##   Efficacy: 3.0107 2.5465 1.9992

    cat("  Futility:", round(design$lower$bound, 4), "\n\n")

    ##   Futility: -0.2388 0.941 1.9992

    for (h in c(0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 1.0)) {
      pwr <- gsSurvPower(x = design, hr = h, targetEvents = design_events)
      cat(sprintf("HR=%.1f  Efficacy: %s  Futility: %s  (identical: %s)\n",
        h,
        paste(round(pwr$upper$bound, 4), collapse = ", "),
        paste(round(pwr$lower$bound, 4), collapse = ", "),
        identical(pwr$upper$bound, design$upper$bound) &&
          identical(pwr$lower$bound, design$lower$bound)))
    }

    ## HR=0.5  Efficacy: 3.0107, 2.5465, 1.9992  Futility: -0.2388, 0.941, 1.9992  (identical: TRUE)
    ## HR=0.7  Efficacy: 3.0107, 2.5465, 1.9992  Futility: -0.2388, 0.941, 1.9992  (identical: TRUE)
    ## HR=0.8  Efficacy: 3.0107, 2.5465, 1.9992  Futility: -0.2388, 0.941, 1.9992  (identical: TRUE)
    ## HR=1.0  Efficacy: 3.0107, 2.5465, 1.9992  Futility: -0.2388, 0.941, 1.9992  (identical: TRUE)

With `plannedCalendarTime`, different assumed HRs produce different expected event counts and therefore different information fractions, so the bounds are appropriately recomputed via `gsDesign::gsDesign()`.

## Changing alpha

A common use case is evaluating power at a different one-sided alpha level — for example, when a graphical multiplicity procedure initially allocates \(\alpha = 0.0125\) to one hypothesis and later, after another hypothesis is rejected, propagates alpha so that \(\alpha = 0.025\) is available.

Here we design at \(\alpha = 0.0125\) and then ask: what is the power if we can test at \(\alpha = 0.025\)?

When `x` is provided and the information fractions (timing) match the original design, `gsSurvPower()` recalculates efficacy bounds at the new alpha using `gsDesign(test.type = 1)` (efficacy-only) while preserving the original futility bounds from `x`. This follows the same convention as `gsBoundSummary()`. Any futility bound that would exceed the new efficacy bound is clipped.

When timing changes (e.g., different `targetEvents`), both bounds are recomputed from scratch using the full `test.type` and spending functions.

    # Design at one-sided alpha = 0.0125
    design_a0125 <- gsSurv(
      k = 3, test.type = 4, alpha = 0.0125, sided = 1, beta = 0.1,
      sfu = sfHSD, sfupar = -4, sfl = sfHSD, sflpar = -2,
      lambdaC = log(2) / 12, hr = 0.7, hr0 = 1,
      eta = 0.01, gamma = 10, R = 16, minfup = 12, T = 28
    )

    cat("=== Original design (alpha = 0.0125) ===\n")

    ## === Original design (alpha = 0.0125) ===

    cat("Efficacy bounds:", round(design_a0125$upper$bound, 4), "\n")

    ## Efficacy bounds: 3.2153 2.7838 2.2837

    cat("Futility bounds:", round(design_a0125$lower$bound, 4), "\n\n")

    ## Futility bounds: -0.0741 1.1739 2.2837

    # Power at alpha = 0.025 with same event counts (timing preserved)
    events_a0125 <- design_a0125$n.I
    pwr_a025 <- gsSurvPower(x = design_a0125, alpha = 0.025, targetEvents = events_a0125)

    cat("=== gsSurvPower at alpha = 0.025 ===\n")

    ## === gsSurvPower at alpha = 0.025 ===

    cat("Efficacy bounds:", round(pwr_a025$upper$bound, 4), "\n")

    ## Efficacy bounds: 3.0107 2.5465 1.9992

    cat("Futility bounds:", round(pwr_a025$lower$bound, 4), "\n")

    ## Futility bounds: -0.0741 1.1739 1.9992

    cat("Power:          ", round(pwr_a025$power * 100, 1), "%\n\n")

    ## Power:           88.6 %

    # Cross-check: gsBoundSummary at the same alternate alpha
    # (only test.type 1, 4, 6, 7, 8 are supported)
    cat("=== gsBoundSummary (alpha = 0.025) ===\n")

    ## === gsBoundSummary (alpha = 0.025) ===

    print(gsBoundSummary(design_a0125, alpha = 0.025))

    ##     Analysis              Value α=0.0125 α=0.025 Futility
    ##    IA 1: 33%                  Z   3.2153  3.0107  -0.0741
    ##       N: 576        p (1-sided)   0.0007  0.0013   0.5295
    ##  Events: 139       ~HR at bound   0.5791  0.5995   1.0127
    ##    Month: 12   P(Cross) if HR=1   0.0007  0.0013   0.4705
    ##              P(Cross) if HR=0.7   0.1324  0.1813   0.0148
    ##    IA 2: 67%                  Z   2.7838  2.5465   1.1739
    ##       N: 742        p (1-sided)   0.0027  0.0054   0.1202
    ##  Events: 278       ~HR at bound   0.7157  0.7364   0.8685
    ##    Month: 19   P(Cross) if HR=1   0.0031  0.0062   0.8857
    ##              P(Cross) if HR=0.7   0.5790  0.6689   0.0437
    ##        Final                  Z   2.2837  1.9992   2.2837
    ##       N: 742        p (1-sided)   0.0112  0.0228   0.0112
    ##  Events: 416       ~HR at bound   0.7993  0.8219   0.7993
    ##    Month: 28   P(Cross) if HR=1   0.0116  0.0219   0.9884
    ##              P(Cross) if HR=0.7   0.9000  0.9295   0.1000

Note that `gsBoundSummary()` adds an \(\alpha = 0.025\) column for `test.type` 1, 4, 6, 7, and 8. For binding types (3, 5), `gsBoundSummary()` does not support alternate alpha, but `gsSurvPower()` handles them using the same approach: recompute efficacy with `test.type = 1` at the new alpha and keep original futility bounds.

### Binding type example (test.type = 3)

    design3 <- gsSurv(
      k = 3, test.type = 3, alpha = 0.0125, sided = 1, beta = 0.1,
      sfu = sfHSD, sfupar = -4, sfl = sfHSD, sflpar = -2,
      lambdaC = log(2) / 12, hr = 0.7, eta = 0.01,
      gamma = 10, R = 16, minfup = 12, T = 28
    )
    events3 <- design3$n.I

    pwr3_a025 <- gsSurvPower(x = design3, alpha = 0.025, targetEvents = events3)

    cat("=== Binding futility (test.type=3) at alpha = 0.025 ===\n")

    ## === Binding futility (test.type=3) at alpha = 0.025 ===

    cat("Original efficacy:", round(design3$upper$bound, 4), "\n")

    ## Original efficacy: 3.2153 2.7835 2.2484

    cat("New efficacy:     ", round(pwr3_a025$upper$bound, 4), "\n")

    ## New efficacy:      3.0107 2.5465 1.9992

    cat("Original futility:", round(design3$lower$bound, 4), "\n")

    ## Original futility: -0.0936 1.1463 2.2484

    cat("New futility:     ", round(pwr3_a025$lower$bound, 4), "\n")

    ## New futility:      -0.0936 1.1463 1.9992

    cat("Power:            ", round(pwr3_a025$power * 100, 1), "%\n")

    ## Power:             88.2 %

The futility bounds are preserved from the original design. At the final analysis where the original futility bound equals the original efficacy bound, the new efficacy bound (which is lower) becomes the clip point.

The output retains the original `test.type` and records the new `alpha`:

    cat("test.type:", pwr3_a025$test.type, "(same as input design)\n")

    ## test.type: 3 (same as input design)

    cat("alpha:    ", pwr3_a025$alpha, "(updated to new value)\n")

    ## alpha:     0.025 (updated to new value)

## Example: event-based timing

Instead of calendar times, analyses can be triggered by target event counts:

    pwr_events <- gsSurvPower(
      x = design,
      targetEvents = c(75, 150, 225)
    )
    cat("Analysis times:", round(pwr_events$T, 1), "\n")

    ## Analysis times: 9.7 14.2 18.2

    cat("Events at each analysis:",
        round(pwr_events$n.I, 1), "\n")

    ## Events at each analysis: 75 150 225

    cat("Power:", round(pwr_events$power * 100, 1), "%\n")

    ## Power: 73.5 %

## Example: slower enrollment at fixed analysis times

Another common sensitivity analysis is slower-than-planned enrollment. When calendar analysis times are fixed, slower enrollment reduces the expected number of events available at each look and therefore reduces power.

    pwr_slow_enroll <- gsSurvPower(
      x = design,
      gamma = design$gamma / 2,
      plannedCalendarTime = design$T
    )

    cat("Original final expected events:", round(pwr_design$n.I[design$k], 1), "\n")

    ## Original final expected events: 353.2

    cat("Slower-enrollment final events:", round(pwr_slow_enroll$n.I[design$k], 1), "\n")

    ## Slower-enrollment final events: 176.6

    cat("Original power:", round(pwr_design$power * 100, 1), "%\n")

    ## Original power: 90 %

    cat("Slower-enrollment power:", round(pwr_slow_enroll$power * 100, 1), "%\n")

    ## Slower-enrollment power: 62.9 %

## Example: calendar-based spending

By default, alpha and beta spending track statistical information fractions (`n.I / max(n.I)`). Setting `spending = "calendar"` instead ties spending to calendar time fractions (`T / max(T)`). This distinction matters when analysis times are unevenly spaced: event accrual is slow early in the trial (enrollment is ongoing), so by the time one-third of the statistical information has accumulated the trial is already well past one-third of its calendar duration. The first analysis in this design occurs about 12.4 months into a 28-month trial—an information fraction of 0.333 but a calendar fraction of 0.444. Calendar spending therefore spends more alpha early, producing a less conservative interim efficacy bound and a slightly more conservative final bound.

When `spending = "calendar"`, any user-supplied `usTime` and `lsTime` overrides are ignored; the realized analysis times determine spending fractions automatically.

    # Information-based spending (default)
    pwr_info <- gsSurvPower(
      x = design,
      plannedCalendarTime = design$T,
      spending = "information"
    )

    # Calendar-based spending
    pwr_cal <- gsSurvPower(
      x = design,
      plannedCalendarTime = design$T,
      spending = "calendar"
    )

    # Compare spending fractions and bounds
    data.frame(
      Analysis = 1:design$k,
      Calendar_Time = round(pwr_info$T, 1),
      InfoFraction = round(pwr_info$timing, 3),
      CalendarFraction = round(pwr_cal$T / max(pwr_cal$T), 3),
      Bound_Info = round(pwr_info$upper$bound, 4),
      Bound_Calendar = round(pwr_cal$upper$bound, 4)
    )

    ##   Analysis Calendar_Time InfoFraction CalendarFraction
    ## 1        1          12.4        0.333            0.444
    ## 2        2          18.9        0.667            0.673
    ## 3        3          28.0        1.000            1.000
    ##   Bound_Info Bound_Calendar
    ## 1     3.0107         2.8359
    ## 2     2.5465         2.5874
    ## 3     1.9992         2.0058

At analysis 1 (month ~12), the calendar fraction (0.444) substantially exceeds the information fraction (0.333). Calendar spending allocates more alpha to this look, so the efficacy bound drops from 3.01 to 2.84— a meaningful difference for interim decision-making. By the final analysis the bounds nearly converge because both fractions equal 1.

Note that passing `usTime` or `lsTime` with `spending = "calendar"` has no effect—the calendar fractions override them:

    pwr_cal_override <- gsSurvPower(
      x = design,
      plannedCalendarTime = design$T,
      spending = "calendar",
      usTime = c(0.2, 0.6, 1),
      lsTime = c(0.3, 0.8, 1)
    )

    # Bounds are identical regardless of usTime/lsTime
    identical(pwr_cal$upper$bound, pwr_cal_override$upper$bound)

    ## [1] TRUE

## Example: stratified event targets

When a trial enrolls patients from multiple strata with different event rates, you may want to specify per-stratum event targets rather than a single overall number. `targetEvents` accepts a matrix with `k` rows (analyses) and `nstrata` columns (strata). Row sums give the overall target used to solve each analysis time.

Consider a two-stratum design where stratum 1 has median survival of 6 months and stratum 2 has 12 months. We target 30 events (20 + 10) at the interim and 60 events (40 + 20) at the final analysis:

    # Per-stratum event targets: rows = analyses, columns = strata
    event_matrix <- matrix(
      c(20, 10,   # interim: 20 from stratum 1, 10 from stratum 2
        40, 20),  # final:   40 from stratum 1, 20 from stratum 2
      nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE
    )

    pwr_strat <- gsSurvPower(
      k = 2, test.type = 1, alpha = 0.025, sided = 1,
      lambdaC = matrix(log(2) / c(6, 12), ncol = 2),
      hr = 0.7, eta = 0.01,
      gamma = matrix(c(5, 5), ncol = 2), R = 12, ratio = 1,
      targetEvents = event_matrix
    )

    # The analysis times are solved so that total expected events
    # match the row sums of the target matrix
    data.frame(
      Analysis = 1:2,
      Target_Stratum1 = event_matrix[, 1],
      Target_Stratum2 = event_matrix[, 2],
      Target_Total = rowSums(event_matrix),
      Expected_Events = round(pwr_strat$n.I, 1),
      Calendar_Time = round(pwr_strat$T, 1)
    )

    ##   Analysis Target_Stratum1 Target_Stratum2 Target_Total
    ## 1        1              20              10           30
    ## 2        2              40              20           60
    ##   Expected_Events Calendar_Time
    ## 1              30          10.5
    ## 2              60          17.1

    cat("Power:", round(pwr_strat$power * 100, 1), "%\n")

    ## Power: 27.8 %

The matrix format is also used in the biomarker example below, where `lambdaC` and `gamma` vary by stratum but `plannedCalendarTime` drives the timing.

## Example: biomarker subgroup to stratified design

A common scenario is designing a trial for a biomarker-defined subgroup, then assessing what power the same enrollment provides for the overall (stratified) population under a more conservative treatment effect. Note that the `gsDesign2` package could be used to design with different hazard ratios in the biomarker-positive and biomarker-negative populations simultaneously; here we illustrate the simpler approach using `gsSurvPower()`.

### Step 1: Design for the biomarker-positive subgroup

Suppose 60% of the population is biomarker-positive (prevalence = 0.6), the control median survival in this subgroup is 12 months, the hazard ratio is 0.65, and we target 90% power at one-sided \(\alpha = 0.0125\) (e.g., from a graphical multiplicity allocation):

    prevalence <- 0.6
    median_bm_pos <- 12    # control median in biomarker+ (months)
    median_bm_neg <- 10    # control median in biomarker- (shorter prognosis)

    bm_design <- gsSurvCalendar(
      test.type = 4, alpha = 0.0125, beta = 0.1,
      sfu = sfHSD, sfupar = -4, sfl = sfHSD, sflpar = -2,
      calendarTime = c(12, 24, 36),
      lambdaC = log(2) / median_bm_pos, hr = 0.65, eta = 0.01,
      gamma = 10, R = 18, minfup = 18, ratio = 1
    )

    summary(bm_design)

    ## [1] "Asymmetric two-sided group sequential design with non-binding futility bound, 3 analyses, time-to-event outcome with sample size 450 and 286 events required, 90 percent power, 1.25 percent (1-sided) Type I error to detect a hazard ratio of 0.65. Enrollment and total study durations are assumed to be 18 and 36 months, respectively. Efficacy bounds derived using a Hwang-Shih-DeCani spending function with gamma = -4. Futility bounds derived using a Hwang-Shih-DeCani spending function with gamma = -2."

    gsBoundSummary(bm_design)

    ## Method: LachinFoulkes
    ##     Analysis               Value Efficacy Futility
    ##    IA 1: 24%                   Z   3.3706  -0.5564
    ##       N: 300         p (1-sided)   0.0004   0.7110
    ##   Events: 69        ~HR at bound   0.4424   1.1441
    ##    Month: 12    P(Cross) if HR=1   0.0004   0.2890
    ##              P(Cross) if HR=0.65   0.0563   0.0096
    ##    IA 2: 72%                   Z   2.6841   1.3965
    ##       N: 450         p (1-sided)   0.0036   0.0813
    ##  Events: 206        ~HR at bound   0.6876   0.8229
    ##    Month: 24    P(Cross) if HR=1   0.0039   0.9208
    ##              P(Cross) if HR=0.65   0.6595   0.0504
    ##        Final                   Z   2.2896   2.2896
    ##       N: 450         p (1-sided)   0.0110   0.0110
    ##  Events: 286        ~HR at bound   0.7625   0.7625
    ##    Month: 36    P(Cross) if HR=1   0.0115   0.9885
    ##              P(Cross) if HR=0.65   0.9000   0.1000

### Step 2: Power for the overall (stratified) population

Now consider enrolling the entire population using the same enrollment duration and analysis calendar times. The biomarker-positive enrollment rate comes from the subgroup design. The biomarker-negative enrollment rate is proportionate based on prevalence: if biomarker-positive patients enroll at rate \(\gamma_{+}\), biomarker-negative patients enroll at rate \(\gamma_{-} = \gamma_{+} \times (1 - p) / p\).

We use a stratified approach: `lambdaC` and `gamma` are specified as matrices with two columns (one per stratum), allowing different control hazard rates and enrollment rates in each biomarker subgroup. The overall hazard ratio assumed is 0.75 (attenuated because the biomarker-negative subgroup has a weaker treatment effect).

    # Control hazard rates by stratum
    lambdaC_pos <- log(2) / median_bm_pos
    lambdaC_neg <- log(2) / median_bm_neg

    # Enrollment rates by stratum (proportionate to prevalence)
    gamma_pos <- bm_design$gamma
    gamma_neg <- bm_design$gamma * (1 - prevalence) / prevalence

    # Stratified inputs: matrix with columns = strata
    lambdaC_strat <- matrix(c(lambdaC_pos, lambdaC_neg), ncol = 2)
    gamma_strat <- matrix(c(gamma_pos, gamma_neg), ncol = 2)

    pwr_overall <- gsSurvPower(
      k = 3, test.type = 4, alpha = 0.0125, sided = 1,
      sfu = sfHSD, sfupar = -4, sfl = sfHSD, sflpar = -2,
      lambdaC = lambdaC_strat, hr = 0.75, eta = 0.01,
      gamma = gamma_strat, R = 18, ratio = 1,
      plannedCalendarTime = c(12, 24, 36)
    )

    summary(pwr_overall)

    ## [1] "Asymmetric two-sided group sequential design with non-binding futility bound, 3 analyses, time-to-event outcome with sample size 748 and 511 events required, 81.6536623365654 percent power, 1.25 percent (1-sided) Type I error to detect a hazard ratio of 0.75. Enrollment and total study durations are assumed to be 18 and 36 months, respectively. Efficacy bounds derived using a Hwang-Shih-DeCani spending function with gamma = -4. Futility bounds derived using a Hwang-Shih-DeCani spending function with gamma = -2."

    gsBoundSummary(pwr_overall)

    ## Method: LachinFoulkes
    ##     Analysis               Value Efficacy Futility
    ##    IA 1: 25%                   Z   3.3527  -0.4978
    ##       N: 500         p (1-sided)   0.0004   0.6907
    ##  Events: 128        ~HR at bound   0.5523   1.0921
    ##    Month: 12    P(Cross) if HR=1   0.0004   0.3093
    ##              P(Cross) if HR=0.75   0.0422   0.0168
    ##    IA 2: 74%                   Z   2.6616   1.4525
    ##       N: 748         p (1-sided)   0.0039   0.0732
    ##  Events: 376        ~HR at bound   0.7598   0.8608
    ##    Month: 24    P(Cross) if HR=1   0.0042   0.9288
    ##              P(Cross) if HR=0.75   0.5527   0.0978
    ##        Final                   Z   2.2919   2.2919
    ##       N: 748         p (1-sided)   0.0110   0.0110
    ##  Events: 511        ~HR at bound   0.8164   0.8164
    ##    Month: 36    P(Cross) if HR=1   0.0115   0.9885
    ##              P(Cross) if HR=0.75   0.8165   0.1835

The overall design enrolls more patients (the full population rather than just the 60% biomarker-positive subgroup) and has a higher event rate in the biomarker-negative stratum (shorter control median), but assumes a weaker overall treatment effect (HR = 0.75 vs. 0.65).