# Is OwenQ reliable?

#### Stéphane Laurent

#### 2025-07-31

# 1 Purpose

The purpose of this vignette is to assess the correctness of the functions of the `OwenQ` package.

As said in the main vignette, the fourth Owen cumulative function \(O_4\), implemented under the name `powen4` allows to evaluate the power of equivalence tests. This is perhaps the main application of the `OwenQ` package and we will particularly focus on this situation.

Our strategy runs as follows:

- To test the `OwenT` function, we will compare some values it returns to those returned by other implementations. Note that the other functions of the `OwenQ` package rely on `OwenT` when the number of degrees of freedom is odd. Therefore, by testing these other functions for an odd number of degrees of freedom, we implicitely test the `OwenT` function.

- We will compare a couple of values returned by `OwenQ1` and `OwenQ2` to the values obtained by numerical integration in Wolfram|Alpha.

- We will test `powen4` by performing some power calculations relying on this function and comparing the results with the ones provided by SAS. We will also perform these power calculations with the help of the `ipowen4` function, which evaluates the \(O_4\) function by a powerful numerical integration, and we will compare the results.

- These power calculations will be performed for \(100\) different scenarios, and we will conclude that `powen4` is reliable for these scenarios. Then, to test the other functions of the `OwenQ` package, we will check that some mathematical relations hold for these \(100\) scenarios.

The folder `tests/testthat` of the `OwenQ` package contains many comparisons with Wolfram|Alpha. The results we obtain with `OwenQ` are always the same as the ones obtained with Wolfram|Alpha up to a tolerance of at least \(10\) decimal digits.

# 2 Owen \(T\)-function (`OwenT`)

The Owen \(T\)-function is implemented under the name `OwenT`. This is a port of the function `owens_t` of the C++ `special_functions` library included in the `boost` set of libraries. Some details about the C++ implementation are available here.

The libraries provided by `boost` are peer-reviewed, and this is enough to trust the reliability of `OwenT`. Nevertheless, below we compare the results of `OwenT` to the six values given in Patefield’s article, up to \(14\) decimal digits. We have also checked that Wolfram|Alpha gives these values.

    testData <- data.frame(
      h = c(0.0625, 6.5, 7, 4.78125, 2, 1),
      a = c(0.25, 0.4375, 0.96875, 0.0625, 0.5, 0.9999975),
      Patefield = c(3.8911930234701e-02, 2.0005773048508e-11, 6.3990627193899e-13, 1.0632974804687e-07, 8.6250779855215e-03, 6.6741808978229e-02),
      OwenT = numeric(6)
    )
    for(i in 1:nrow(testData)){
      testData$OwenT[i] <- OwenT(testData$h[i], testData$a[i])
    }
    print(testData, digits=14)
    ##         h         a           Patefield               OwenT
    ## 1 0.06250 0.2500000 3.8911930234701e-02 3.8911930234701e-02
    ## 2 6.50000 0.4375000 2.0005773048508e-11 2.0005773048508e-11
    ## 3 7.00000 0.9687500 6.3990627193899e-13 6.3990627193899e-13
    ## 4 4.78125 0.0625000 1.0632974804687e-07 1.0632974804687e-07
    ## 5 2.00000 0.5000000 8.6250779855215e-03 8.6250779855215e-03
    ## 6 1.00000 0.9999975 6.6741808978229e-02 6.6741808978229e-02

We get the same results with `OwenT`.

# 3 Owen \(Q\)-functions: comparing a couple of values

The two Owen \(Q\)-functions \(Q_1\) and \(Q_2\) are defined by: \[ Q_1(\nu, t, \delta, R) = \frac{1}{\Gamma\left(\frac{\nu}{2}\right)2^{\frac12(\nu-2)}} \int_0^R \Phi\left(\frac{tx}{\sqrt{\nu}}-\delta\right) x^{\nu-1} e^{-\frac{x^2}{2}} \mathrm{d}x \] and \[ Q_2(\nu, t, \delta, R) = \frac{1}{\Gamma\left(\frac{\nu}{2}\right)2^{\frac12(\nu-2)}} \int_R^\infty \Phi\left(\frac{tx}{\sqrt{\nu}}-\delta\right) x^{\nu-1} e^{-\frac{x^2}{2}} \mathrm{d}x. \]

They are implemented in the `OwenQ` package under the respective names `OwenQ1` and `OwenQ2`, for integer values of \(\nu\), following Owen’s algorithm (1965).

In Wolfram|Alpha, these functions are not available, but we can evaluate them by numerical integration.

Below we compare two values of `OwenQ1` to the ones returned by Wolfram|Alpha.

- \(\nu=3\), \(t=3\), \(\delta=2\), \(R=5\) (link to Wolfram)

    # wolfram: Integrate[(1+Erf[(3*x/Sqrt[3]-2)/Sqrt[2]])*x^(3-1)*Exp[-x^2/2],{x,0,5}]/2/Gamma[3/2]/2^((3-2)/2)
    OwenQ1(3, 3, 2, 5)
    ## [1] 0.6800117

Our value rounded to \(6\) digits is the same as the one given by Wolfram.

- \(\nu=1000\), \(t=3\), \(\delta=2\), \(R=30\) (link to Wolfram)

    # wolfram: Integrate[(1+Erf[(3*x/Sqrt[1000]-2)/Sqrt[2]])*x^(1000-1)*Exp[-x^2/2],{x,0,30}]/2/Gamma[1000/2]/2^((1000-2)/2)
    print(OwenQ1(1000, 3, 2, 30), digits=16)
    ## [1] 0.008518809463589428

The two values are the same up to \(13\) digits.

Now we compare two values of `OwenQ2` to the ones returned by Wolfram|Alpha.

- \(\nu=3\), \(t=3\), \(\delta=2\), \(R=5\) (link to Wolfram)

    # wolfram: Integrate[(1+Erf[(3*x/Sqrt[3]-2)/Sqrt[2]])*x^(3-1)*Exp[-x^2/2],{x,5,Infinity}]/2/Gamma[3/2]/2^((3-2)/2)
    OwenQ2(3, 3, 2, 5)
    ## [1] 1.54405e-05

The two values are identical.

- \(\nu=1000\), \(t=3\), \(\delta=2\), \(R=5\) (link To Wolfram)

    # wolfram: Integrate[(1+Erf[(3*x/Sqrt[1000]-2)/Sqrt[2]])*x^(1000-1)*Exp[-x^2/2],{x,5,Infinity}]/2/Gamma[1000/2]/2^((1000-2)/2)
    print(OwenQ2(1000, 3, 2, 5), digits=16)
    ## [1] 0.8406201459600969

The two values are identical up to \(13\) digits.

# 4 Fourth Owen cumulative function \(O_4\) (`powen4`)

As seen in the other vignette, the fourth Owen cumulative function \(O_4\), implemented under the name `powen4`, can be used to evaluate the power of equivalence tests.

The `powerTOST` function below returns the power of the equivalence test for a so-called parallel design with equal variances, when considering the alternative hypothesis \(H_1\colon\{-\Delta < \delta_0 < \Delta \}\), where \(\delta_0\) denotes the difference between the two means. This function takes as arguments the significance level \(\alpha\), the difference \(\delta_0\) between the two means, the threshold \(\Delta\), the common standard deviation \(\sigma\) of the two samples, and the two sample sizes \(n_1\) and \(n_2\).

    powerTOST <- function(alpha, delta0, Delta, sigma, n1, n2, algo=2) {
      se <- sqrt(1/n1 + 1/n2) * sigma
      delta1 <- (delta0 + Delta) / se
      delta2 <- (delta0 - Delta) / se
      dof <- n1 + n2 - 2
      q <- qt(1 - alpha, dof)
      powen4(dof, q, -q, delta1, delta2, algo=algo)
    }

As you can see, the `powen4` function has an argument `algo`. This is also the case for the other Owen functions, except for `ptOwen`. The `algo` argument can take two values, `1` or `2`. Th default value is `algo=2`, and as we will see later, the evaluation is more reliable with this option. The value of `algo` corresponds to a small difference in the algorithm. With `algo=1`, the evaluation is a bit faster. And we will see that `powerTOST`
is reliable for `algo=1` when the value of `n1+n2` is not too large.

## 4.1 Comparisons with SAS

The table shown below contains \(100\) results of power calculations with SAS version 9.4, for a total sample size \(n_1+n_2\) going from \(20\) to \(1200\). The results are rounded to \(5\) decimal digits.

| alpha | delta0 | Delta | sigma | n1 | n2 | powerSAS
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 0.39094
2 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 15 | 0.69541
3 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 0.85580
4 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 1 | 1 | 25 | 25 | 0.93426
5 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 30 | 0.97092
6 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 0.38272
7 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 15 | 0.67836
8 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 0.83661
9 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 1 | 1 | 25 | 25 | 0.91781
10 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 30 | 0.95889
11 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 0.35908
12 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 15 | 0.62954
13 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 0.78069
14 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 1 | 1 | 25 | 25 | 0.86796
15 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 30 | 0.92017
16 | 0.05 | 0.3 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 0.32287
17 | 0.05 | 0.3 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 15 | 0.55540
18 | 0.05 | 0.3 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 0.69322
19 | 0.05 | 0.3 | 1 | 1 | 25 | 25 | 0.78471
20 | 0.05 | 0.3 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 30 | 0.84909
21 | 0.05 | 0.4 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 0.27820
22 | 0.05 | 0.4 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 15 | 0.46531
23 | 0.05 | 0.4 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 0.58306
24 | 0.05 | 0.4 | 1 | 1 | 25 | 25 | 0.67174
25 | 0.05 | 0.4 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 30 | 0.74260
26 | 0.05 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 0.22970
27 | 0.05 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 15 | 0.36967
28 | 0.05 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 0.46208
29 | 0.05 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 25 | 25 | 0.53883
30 | 0.05 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 30 | 0.60600
31 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 30 | 0.70373
32 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 30 | 0.85764
33 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 30 | 0.92324
34 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 1 | 1 | 25 | 30 | 0.95452
35 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 30 | 0.97092
36 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 30 | 0.68648
37 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 30 | 0.83846
38 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 30 | 0.90604
39 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 1 | 1 | 25 | 30 | 0.94003
40 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 30 | 0.95889
41 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 30 | 0.63703
42 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 30 | 0.78255
43 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 30 | 0.85439
44 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 1 | 1 | 25 | 30 | 0.89501
45 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 30 | 0.92017
46 | 0.05 | 0.3 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 30 | 0.56192
47 | 0.05 | 0.3 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 30 | 0.69503
48 | 0.05 | 0.3 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 30 | 0.76944
49 | 0.05 | 0.3 | 1 | 1 | 25 | 30 | 0.81676
50 | 0.05 | 0.3 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 30 | 0.84909
51 | 0.05 | 0.4 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 30 | 0.47061
52 | 0.05 | 0.4 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 30 | 0.58470
53 | 0.05 | 0.4 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 30 | 0.65610
54 | 0.05 | 0.4 | 1 | 1 | 25 | 30 | 0.70594
55 | 0.05 | 0.4 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 30 | 0.74260
56 | 0.05 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 30 | 0.37365
57 | 0.05 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 30 | 0.46343
58 | 0.05 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 30 | 0.52475
59 | 0.05 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 25 | 30 | 0.57052
60 | 0.05 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 30 | 0.60600
61 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 3 | 4 | 50 | 50 | 0.96239
62 | 0.05 | 1.0 | 3 | 4 | 50 | 50 | 0.79849
63 | 0.05 | 2.0 | 3 | 4 | 50 | 50 | 0.34329
64 | 0.05 | 2.5 | 3 | 4 | 50 | 50 | 0.15288
65 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 90 | 0.81791
66 | 0.05 | 1.0 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 90 | 0.70346
67 | 0.05 | 2.0 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 90 | 0.43595
68 | 0.05 | 2.5 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 90 | 0.29819
69 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 4 | 7 | 100 | 100 | 0.98278
70 | 0.05 | 1.0 | 4 | 7 | 100 | 100 | 0.91512
71 | 0.05 | 2.0 | 4 | 7 | 100 | 100 | 0.64376
72 | 0.05 | 3.0 | 4 | 7 | 100 | 100 | 0.26169
73 | 0.01 | 0.0 | 4 | 7 | 100 | 100 | 0.90831
74 | 0.01 | 1.0 | 4 | 7 | 100 | 100 | 0.74924
75 | 0.01 | 2.0 | 4 | 7 | 100 | 100 | 0.37443
76 | 0.01 | 3.0 | 4 | 7 | 100 | 100 | 0.09290
77 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 4 | 4 | 185 | 10 | 0.84568
78 | 0.05 | 1.0 | 4 | 4 | 185 | 10 | 0.73025
79 | 0.05 | 2.0 | 4 | 4 | 185 | 10 | 0.45459
80 | 0.05 | 3.0 | 4 | 4 | 185 | 10 | 0.19001
81 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 4 | 8 | 185 | 100 | 0.98240
82 | 0.05 | 1.0 | 4 | 8 | 185 | 100 | 0.91417
83 | 0.05 | 2.0 | 4 | 8 | 185 | 100 | 0.64226
84 | 0.05 | 3.0 | 4 | 8 | 185 | 100 | 0.26103
85 | 0.01 | 0.0 | 4 | 10 | 250 | 250 | 0.96713
86 | 0.01 | 1.0 | 4 | 10 | 250 | 250 | 0.84523
87 | 0.01 | 2.0 | 4 | 10 | 250 | 250 | 0.46161
88 | 0.01 | 3.0 | 4 | 10 | 250 | 250 | 0.11288
89 | 0.01 | 0.0 | 4 | 14 | 500 | 500 | 0.97112
90 | 0.01 | 1.0 | 4 | 14 | 500 | 500 | 0.85433
91 | 0.01 | 2.0 | 4 | 14 | 500 | 500 | 0.47184
92 | 0.01 | 3.0 | 4 | 14 | 500 | 500 | 0.11536
93 | 0.01 | 0.0 | 5 | 35 | 600 | 600 | 0.11547
94 | 0.01 | 4.0 | 5 | 35 | 600 | 600 | 0.01658
95 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 5 | 30 | 600 | 600 | 0.78512
96 | 0.05 | 4.0 | 5 | 50 | 600 | 600 | 0.02642
97 | 0.01 | 0.0 | 5 | 6 | 1190 | 10 | 0.23194
98 | 0.01 | 4.0 | 5 | 6 | 1190 | 10 | 0.02739
99 | 0.05 | 0.0 | 5 | 9 | 1190 | 10 | 0.08256
100 | 0.05 | 4.0 | 5 | 9 | 1190 | 10 | 0.03115

This table is stored in a dataframe named `SAS`. We compare the SAS values to the ones obtained by our `powerTOST` function.

    power <- numeric(nrow(SAS))
    for (i in 1:nrow(SAS)) {
      power[i] <-
        powerTOST(
          alpha = SAS$alpha[i],
          delta0 = SAS$delta0[i],
          Delta = SAS$Delta[i],
          sigma = SAS$sigma[i],
          n1 = SAS$n1[i],
          n2 = SAS$n2[i]
        )
    }

Rounding our values to \(5\) decimal digits, we find that our results are identical to the SAS results:

    identical(round(power,5), SAS$powerSAS)
    ## [1] TRUE

With the option `algo=1`, the results are identical as well:

    power <- numeric(nrow(SAS))
    for (i in 1:nrow(SAS)) {
      power[i] <-
        powerTOST(
          alpha = SAS$alpha[i],
          delta0 = SAS$delta0[i],
          Delta = SAS$Delta[i],
          sigma = SAS$sigma[i],
          n1 = SAS$n1[i],
          n2 = SAS$n2[i],
          algo = 1
        )
    }
    identical(round(power,5), SAS$powerSAS)
    ## [1] TRUE

## 4.2 Comparison with numerical integration

The `ipowen4` internal function of the `OwenQ` package evaluates the fourth Owen cumulative function \(O_4\) by a powerful numerical integration implemented in C++ (with the package `RcppNumerical`). Thus we have two completely different implementations of \(O_4\). The `ipowerTOST` function below is obtained by replacing `powen4` with `ipowen4` in `powerTOST`. We will compare the results of `powerTOST` with the ones of `ipowerTOST`.

    ipowerTOST <- function(alpha, delta0, Delta, sigma, n1, n2) {
      se <- sqrt(1/n1 + 1/n2) * sigma
      delta1 <- (delta0 + Delta) / se
      delta2 <- (delta0 - Delta) / se
      dof <- n1 + n2 - 2
      q <- qt(1 - alpha, dof)
      OwenQ:::ipowen4(dof, q, -q, delta1, delta2)
    }

### 4.2.1 Failures and successes of `powen4`

- For \(n_1=n_2=1000\), \(\alpha=0.05\), \(\delta=0\), \(\Delta=5\), the `powen4` function with the option `algo=1` abnormally takes some negative values:

Note that the discrepancy between `powen4` and `ipowen4` occurs only for \(\sigma > 65\).

- For \(n_1=n_2=720\), \(\alpha=0.05\), \(\delta=0\), \(\Delta=5\), we observe a discrepancy between `powen4` with the option `algo=1` and `ipowen4`:

There is no discrepancy between `powen4` with the option `algo=2` and `ipowen4`. The irregularity of `powen4` with the option `algo=1` suggests that it returns wrong values.

- For \(n_1=n_2=700\), \(\alpha=0.01\), \(\delta=0\), \(\Delta=5\), we still observe a small discrepancy between `powen4` with the option `algo=1` and `ipowen4`, and we still observe an irregularity of `powen4` (on the second figure below):

With the option `algo=2`, the results of `powen4` coincide with the ones of `ipowen4`.

- For \(n_1 = n_2 = 600\), \(\alpha=0.005\), \(\delta=0\), \(\Delta=5\), we do not observe any discrepancy between `powen4` and `ipowen4`:

We conclude that `powen4` with the option `algo=1` is not reliable when the number of degrees of freedom is too large. As said before, the interest of the option `algo=1` is that the evaluation is faster.

For \(n_1=n_2=2500\), the results of `powerTOST` with `algo=2` still coincide with the result of `ipowerTOST`:

    alpha <- 0.05; delta0 <- 0; Delta <- 5
    sigma <- 110
    n1 <- n2 <- 2500
    powerTOST(alpha, delta0, Delta, sigma, n1, n2)
    ## [1] 4.523596e-05
    ipowerTOST(alpha, delta0, Delta, sigma, n1, n2)
    ## [1] 4.523596e-05
    ## attr(,"err_est")
    ## [1] 5.022201e-19
    ## attr(,"err_code")
    ## [1] 0

And even for \(n_1=n_2=5000\):

    sigma <- 152
    n1 <- n2 <- 5000
    powerTOST(alpha, delta0, Delta, sigma, n1, n2)
    ## [1] 0.003612374
    ipowerTOST(alpha, delta0, Delta, sigma, n1, n2)
    ## [1] 0.003612374
    ## attr(,"err_est")
    ## [1] 4.010541e-17
    ## attr(,"err_code")
    ## [1] 0

### 4.2.2 Comparisons for \(n_1+n_2 \leq 1200\)

Below we compare the results returned by `powerTOST` to the ones returned by `ipowerTOST` for the parameters given in the `SAS` dataset.

    power <- ipower <- numeric(nrow(SAS))
    for (i in 1:nrow(SAS)) {
      power[i] <-
        powerTOST(
          alpha = SAS$alpha[i],
          delta0 = SAS$delta0[i],
          Delta = SAS$Delta[i],
          sigma = SAS$sigma[i],
          n1 = SAS$n1[i],
          n2 = SAS$n2[i]
        )
      ipower[i] <-
        ipowerTOST(
          alpha = SAS$alpha[i],
          delta0 = SAS$delta0[i],
          Delta = SAS$Delta[i],
          sigma = SAS$sigma[i],
          n1 = SAS$n1[i],
          n2 = SAS$n2[i]
        )
    }
    identical(round(power, 10), round(ipower, 10))
    ## [1] TRUE

Results are the same up to \(10\) digits. And also with the option `algo=1`:

    power <- numeric(nrow(SAS))
    for (i in 1:nrow(SAS)) {
      power[i] <-
        powerTOST(
          alpha = SAS$alpha[i],
          delta0 = SAS$delta0[i],
          Delta = SAS$Delta[i],
          sigma = SAS$sigma[i],
          n1 = SAS$n1[i],
          n2 = SAS$n2[i],
          algo = 1
        )
    }
    identical(round(power, 10), round(ipower, 10))
    ## [1] TRUE

## 4.3 Conclusion

- The `powen4` function with option `algo=1` seems to return correct values for \(\nu \leq 1200\).

- The `powen4` function with option `algo=2` allows higher values of \(\nu\).

- In any case, we recommend to compare the result of `powen4` with the one of `ipowen4`.

# 5 Other Owen cumulative functions

We previously validated the `powen4` function for the \(100\) scenarios of the dataset `SAS`.

Now we test the functions `powen1`, `powen2` and `powen3` by checking the equality \[ O_1(\nu, t_1, t_2, \delta_1, \delta_2) + O_2(\nu, t_1, t_2, \delta_1, \delta_2) + O_3(\nu, t_1, t_2, \delta_1, \delta_2) + O_4(\nu, t_1, t_2, \delta_1, \delta_2) = 1. \]

We restrict our attention to default setting `algo=2`. We check the above equality for the \(100\) scenarios of the dataset `SAS`.

    f <- function(alpha, delta0, Delta, sigma, n1, n2) {
      se <- sqrt(1/n1 + 1/n2) * sigma
      delta1 <- (delta0 + Delta) / se
      delta2 <- (delta0 - Delta) / se
      dof <- n1 + n2 - 2
      q <- qt(1 - alpha, dof)
      powen1(dof, q,-q, delta1, delta2) + powen2(dof, q,-q, delta1, delta2) +
        powen3(dof, q,-q, delta1, delta2) + powen4(dof, q,-q, delta1, delta2)
    }
    test <- numeric(nrow(SAS))
    for (i in 1:nrow(SAS)) {
      test[i] <-
        f(
          alpha = SAS$alpha[i],
          delta0 = SAS$delta0[i],
          Delta = SAS$Delta[i],
          sigma = SAS$sigma[i],
          n1 = SAS$n1[i],
          n2 = SAS$n2[i]
        )
    }
    all(abs(test-1) < 1e-14)
    ## [1] TRUE

We find that each of the \(100\) sums is equal to \(1\) up to a tolerance of \(14\) digits.

# 6 First Owen \(Q\)-function \(Q_1\) (`OwenQ1`)

We previously validated the `powen4` function (implementation of the fourth Owen cumulative function \(O_4\)) for the \(100\) scenarios of the dataset `SAS`.
Now, to test `OwenQ1`, we will use the following equality:

\[ O_4(\nu, t_1, t_2, \delta_1, \delta_2) = Q_1\left(\nu, t_2, \delta_2, \frac{\sqrt{\nu}(\delta_1-\delta_2)}{t_1-t_2}\right) - Q_1\left(\nu, t_1, \delta_1, \frac{\sqrt{\nu}(\delta_1-\delta_2)}{t_1-t_2}\right). \]

We use this formula to perform the power calculations with `OwenQ1` instead of `powen4`.

    powerTOST2 <- function(alpha, delta0, Delta, sigma, n1, n2) {
      se <- sqrt(1/n1 + 1/n2) * sigma
      delta1 <- (delta0 + Delta) / se
      delta2 <- (delta0 - Delta) / se
      dof <- n1 + n2 - 2
      q <- qt(1 - alpha, dof)
      R <- sqrt(dof)*(delta1 - delta2)/q/2
      OwenQ1(dof, -q, delta2, R) - OwenQ1(dof, q, delta1, R)
    }
    power2 <- numeric(nrow(SAS))
    for (i in 1:nrow(SAS)) {
      power2[i] <-
        powerTOST2(
          alpha = SAS$alpha[i],
          delta0 = SAS$delta0[i],
          Delta = SAS$Delta[i],
          sigma = SAS$sigma[i],
          n1 = SAS$n1[i],
          n2 = SAS$n2[i]
        )
    }
    all(abs(power - power2) < 1e-9)
    ## [1] TRUE

The values rounded to \(9\) digits are the same as the ones we previously obtained with `powen4`.

# 7 Second Owen \(Q\)-function \(Q_2\) (`OwenQ2`)

We previously validated `powen2` for the \(100\) scenarios of the dataset `SAS`. Now we test the `OwenQ2` function by checking the equality \[ O_2(\nu, t_1, t_2, \delta_1, \delta_2) = Q_2\left(\nu, t_1, \delta_1, \frac{\sqrt{\nu}(\delta_1-\delta_2)}{t_1-t_2}\right) - Q_2\left(\nu, t_2, \delta_2, \frac{\sqrt{\nu}(\delta_1-\delta_2)}{t_1-t_2}\right). \]

We check this equality for the \(100\) scenarios of the dataset `SAS`.

    g <- function(alpha, delta0, Delta, sigma, n1, n2) {
      se <- sqrt(1/n1 + 1/n2) * sigma
      delta1 <- (delta0 + Delta) / se
      delta2 <- (delta0 - Delta) / se
      dof <- n1 + n2 - 2
      q <- qt(1 - alpha, dof)
      R <- sqrt(dof)*(delta1 - delta2)/q/2
      x <- OwenQ2(dof, q, delta1, R) - OwenQ2(dof, -q, delta2, R)
      y <- powen2(dof, q, -q, delta1, delta2)
      x - y
    }
    test <- numeric(nrow(SAS))
    for (i in 1:nrow(SAS)) {
      test[i] <-
        g(
          alpha = SAS$alpha[i],
          delta0 = SAS$delta0[i],
          Delta = SAS$Delta[i],
          sigma = SAS$sigma[i],
          n1 = SAS$n1[i],
          n2 = SAS$n2[i]
        )
    }
    all(abs(test) < 1e-15)
    ## [1] TRUE

We find that each of the \(100\) equalities hold true up to a tolerance of \(15\) digits.

# 8 Student cumulative distribution function (`ptOwen`)

We finally test `ptOwen`, the implementation of the cumulative distribution function of the noncentral Student distribution.
If \(T_1\) follows the noncentral Student distribution with number of degrees of freedom \(\nu\) and noncentrality parameter \(\delta_1\), then for any \(t_1\) the equality \[ \Pr(T_1 \leq t_1) = O_1(\nu, t_1, t_2, \delta_1, \delta_2) + O_2(\nu, t_1, t_2, \delta_1, \delta_2) \] holds for any \(t_2\) and \(\delta_2\). We check this equality for the \(100\) scenarios of the dataset `SAS`.

    h <- function(alpha, delta0, Delta, sigma, n1, n2) {
      se <- sqrt(1/n1 + 1/n2) * sigma
      delta1 <- (delta0 + Delta) / se
      delta2 <- (delta0 - Delta) / se
      dof <- n1 + n2 - 2
      q <- qt(1 - alpha, dof)
      x <- ptOwen(q, dof, delta1)
      y <- powen1(dof, q, -q, delta1, delta2) + powen2(dof, q, -q, delta1, delta2)
      x - y
    }
    test <- numeric(nrow(SAS))
    for (i in 1:nrow(SAS)) {
      test[i] <-
        h(
          alpha = SAS$alpha[i],
          delta0 = SAS$delta0[i],
          Delta = SAS$Delta[i],
          sigma = SAS$sigma[i],
          n1 = SAS$n1[i],
          n2 = SAS$n2[i]
        )
    }
    all(abs(test) < 1e-15)
    ## [1] TRUE

For each scenario, the equality holds up to a tolerance of \(15\) digits.

# 9 References

- Patefield, M. (2000). Fast and Accurate Calculation of Owen’s T Function. Journal of Statistical Software 5 (5), 1-25.

- Owen, D. B. (1965). A special case of a bivariate noncentral t-distribution. Biometrika 52, 437-446.

- Wolfram Alpha LLC. 2017. Wolfram|Alpha. (access July 17, 2017).