# Copyright 2010 United States Government as represented by the
# Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
# Copyright 2010 OpenStack Foundation
# Copyright 2014 IBM Corp.
# All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
# not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
# a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
# WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
# License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
# under the License.
"""
Utility methods for working with WSGI applications
"""
import sys
from oslo_config import cfg
from oslo_log import log as logging
from oslo_serialization import jsonutils
from oslo_utils import encodeutils
from oslo_utils import strutils
from oslo_utils import units
from osprofiler import opts as profiler_opts
import routes.middleware
import webob.dec
import webob.exc
from webob import multidict
from glance.common import exception
from glance import i18n
from glance.i18n import _, _LE
LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
CONF = cfg.CONF
profiler_opts.set_defaults(CONF)
def _get_uwsgi():
try:
import uwsgi
except ImportError:
return None
return uwsgi
[docs]
class Middleware(object):
"""
Base WSGI middleware wrapper. These classes require an application to be
initialized that will be called next. By default the middleware will
simply call its wrapped app, or you can override __call__ to customize its
behavior.
"""
def __init__(self, application):
self.application = application
[docs]
@classmethod
def factory(cls, global_conf, **local_conf):
def filter(app):
return cls(app)
return filter
[docs]
def process_request(self, req):
"""
Called on each request.
If this returns None, the next application down the stack will be
executed. If it returns a response then that response will be returned
and execution will stop here.
"""
return None
[docs]
def process_response(self, response):
"""Do whatever you'd like to the response."""
return response
@webob.dec.wsgify
def __call__(self, req):
response = self.process_request(req)
if response:
return response
response = req.get_response(self.application)
response.request = req
try:
return self.process_response(response)
except webob.exc.HTTPException as e:
return e
[docs]
class Debug(Middleware):
"""
Helper class that can be inserted into any WSGI application chain
to get information about the request and response.
"""
@webob.dec.wsgify
def __call__(self, req):
print(("*" * 40) + " REQUEST ENVIRON")
for key, value in req.environ.items():
print(key, "=", value)
print('')
resp = req.get_response(self.application)
print(("*" * 40) + " RESPONSE HEADERS")
for key, value in resp.headers.items():
print(key, "=", value)
print('')
resp.app_iter = self.print_generator(resp.app_iter)
return resp
[docs]
@staticmethod
def print_generator(app_iter):
"""
Iterator that prints the contents of a wrapper string iterator
when iterated.
"""
print(("*" * 40) + " BODY")
for part in app_iter:
sys.stdout.write(part)
sys.stdout.flush()
yield part
print()
[docs]
class APIMapper(routes.Mapper):
"""
Handle route matching when url is '' because routes.Mapper returns
an error in this case.
"""
[docs]
def routematch(self, url=None, environ=None):
if url == "":
result = self._match("", environ)
return result[0], result[1]
return routes.Mapper.routematch(self, url, environ)
[docs]
class RejectMethodController(object):
[docs]
def reject(self, req, allowed_methods, *args, **kwargs):
LOG.debug("The method %s is not allowed for this resource",
req.environ['REQUEST_METHOD'])
raise webob.exc.HTTPMethodNotAllowed(
headers=[('Allow', allowed_methods)])
[docs]
class Router(object):
"""
WSGI middleware that maps incoming requests to WSGI apps.
"""
def __init__(self, mapper):
"""
Create a router for the given routes.Mapper.
Each route in `mapper` must specify a 'controller', which is a
WSGI app to call. You'll probably want to specify an 'action' as
well and have your controller be a wsgi.Controller, who will route
the request to the action method.
Examples:
mapper = routes.Mapper()
sc = ServerController()
# Explicit mapping of one route to a controller+action
mapper.connect(None, "/svrlist", controller=sc, action="list")
# Actions are all implicitly defined
mapper.resource("server", "servers", controller=sc)
# Pointing to an arbitrary WSGI app. You can specify the
# {path_info:.*} parameter so the target app can be handed just that
# section of the URL.
mapper.connect(None, "/v1.0/{path_info:.*}", controller=BlogApp())
"""
mapper.redirect("", "/")
self.map = mapper
self._router = routes.middleware.RoutesMiddleware(self._dispatch,
self.map)
[docs]
@classmethod
def factory(cls, global_conf, **local_conf):
return cls(APIMapper())
@webob.dec.wsgify
def __call__(self, req):
"""
Route the incoming request to a controller based on self.map.
If no match, return either a 404(Not Found) or 501(Not Implemented).
"""
return self._router
@staticmethod
@webob.dec.wsgify
def _dispatch(req):
"""
Called by self._router after matching the incoming request to a route
and putting the information into req.environ. Either returns 404,
501, or the routed WSGI app's response.
"""
match = req.environ['wsgiorg.routing_args'][1]
if not match:
implemented_http_methods = ['GET', 'HEAD', 'POST', 'PUT',
'DELETE', 'PATCH']
if req.environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] not in implemented_http_methods:
return webob.exc.HTTPNotImplemented()
else:
return webob.exc.HTTPNotFound()
app = match['controller']
return app
class _UWSGIChunkFile(object):
"""
A file-like object for reading uWSGI chunked requests, with internal
buffering/caching of excess data for subsequent reads.
"""
def __init__(self):
# Buffer to cache data read in excess of the requested length
self._buffer = b""
def read(self, length=None):
"""
Reads up to 'length' bytes from the chunked request stream.
Caches any excess data internally.
"""
if length == 0:
return b""
# If length is negative, treat it as reading until the end of the file.
if length and length < 0:
length = None
# If no length is provided, choose some sane minimum default
length = length if length is not None else 1 * units.Mi
uwsgi_mod = _get_uwsgi()
while len(self._buffer) < length:
data = uwsgi_mod.chunked_read()
if not data:
break
# append the buffer
self._buffer += data
chunk = self._buffer[:length]
self._buffer = self._buffer[length:]
return chunk
[docs]
class Request(webob.Request):
"""Add some OpenStack API-specific logic to the base webob.Request."""
def __init__(self, environ, *args, **kwargs):
super(Request, self).__init__(environ, *args, **kwargs)
@property
def body_file(self):
if _get_uwsgi():
if self.headers.get('transfer-encoding', '').lower() == 'chunked':
return _UWSGIChunkFile()
return super(Request, self).body_file
@body_file.setter
def body_file(self, value):
# NOTE(cdent): If you have a property setter in a superclass, it will
# not be inherited.
webob.Request.body_file.fset(self, value)
[docs]
def best_match_content_type(self):
"""Determine the requested response content-type."""
supported = ('application/json',)
best_matches = self.accept.acceptable_offers(supported)
if not best_matches:
return 'application/json'
return best_matches[0][0]
[docs]
def get_content_type(self, allowed_content_types):
"""Determine content type of the request body."""
if "Content-Type" not in self.headers:
raise exception.InvalidContentType(content_type=None)
content_type = self.content_type
if content_type not in allowed_content_types:
raise exception.InvalidContentType(content_type=content_type)
else:
return content_type
[docs]
def best_match_language(self):
"""Determines best available locale from the Accept-Language header.
:returns: the best language match or None if the 'Accept-Language'
header was not available in the request.
"""
if not self.accept_language:
return None
langs = i18n.get_available_languages('glance')
# NOTE(rosmaita): give the webob lookup() function a sentinel value
# for default so we can preserve the behavior of this function as
# indicated by the current unit tests. See Launchpad bug #1765748.
best_match = self.accept_language.lookup(langs, default='fake_LANG')
if best_match == 'fake_LANG':
best_match = None
return best_match
[docs]
def get_range_from_request(self, image_size):
"""Return the `Range` in a request."""
range_str = self.headers.get('Range')
if range_str is not None:
# NOTE(dharinic): We do not support multi range requests.
if ',' in range_str:
msg = ("Requests with multiple ranges are not supported in "
"Glance. You may make multiple single-range requests "
"instead.")
raise webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=msg)
range_ = webob.byterange.Range.parse(range_str)
if range_ is None:
msg = ("Invalid Range header.")
raise webob.exc.HTTPRequestRangeNotSatisfiable(msg)
# NOTE(dharinic): Ensure that a range like bytes=4- for an image
# size of 3 is invalidated as per rfc7233.
if range_.start >= image_size:
msg = ("Invalid start position in Range header. "
"Start position MUST be in the inclusive range [0, %s]."
% (image_size - 1))
raise webob.exc.HTTPRequestRangeNotSatisfiable(msg)
return range_
# NOTE(dharinic): For backward compatibility reasons, we maintain
# support for 'Content-Range' in requests even though it's not
# correct to use it in requests..
c_range_str = self.headers.get('Content-Range')
if c_range_str is not None:
content_range = webob.byterange.ContentRange.parse(c_range_str)
# NOTE(dharinic): Ensure that a content range like 1-4/* for an
# image size of 3 is invalidated.
if content_range is None:
msg = ("Invalid Content-Range header.")
raise webob.exc.HTTPRequestRangeNotSatisfiable(msg)
if (content_range.length is None and
content_range.stop > image_size):
msg = ("Invalid stop position in Content-Range header. "
"The stop position MUST be in the inclusive range "
"[0, %s]." % (image_size - 1))
raise webob.exc.HTTPRequestRangeNotSatisfiable(msg)
if content_range.start >= image_size:
msg = ("Invalid start position in Content-Range header. "
"Start position MUST be in the inclusive range [0, %s]."
% (image_size - 1))
raise webob.exc.HTTPRequestRangeNotSatisfiable(msg)
return content_range
[docs]
class JSONRequestDeserializer(object):
valid_transfer_encoding = frozenset(['chunked', 'compress', 'deflate',
'gzip', 'identity'])
httpverb_may_have_body = frozenset({'POST', 'PUT', 'PATCH'})
[docs]
@classmethod
def is_valid_encoding(cls, request):
request_encoding = request.headers.get('transfer-encoding', '').lower()
return request_encoding in cls.valid_transfer_encoding
[docs]
@classmethod
def is_valid_method(cls, request):
return request.method.upper() in cls.httpverb_may_have_body
[docs]
def has_body(self, request):
"""
Returns whether a Webob.Request object will possess an entity body.
:param request: Webob.Request object
"""
if self.is_valid_encoding(request) and self.is_valid_method(request):
request.is_body_readable = True
return True
if request.content_length is not None and request.content_length > 0:
return True
return False
@staticmethod
def _sanitizer(obj):
"""Sanitizer method that will be passed to jsonutils.loads."""
return obj
[docs]
def from_json(self, datastring):
try:
jsondata = jsonutils.loads(datastring, object_hook=self._sanitizer)
if not isinstance(jsondata, (dict, list)):
msg = _('Unexpected body type. Expected list/dict.')
raise webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=msg)
return jsondata
except ValueError:
msg = _('Malformed JSON in request body.')
raise webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=msg)
[docs]
def default(self, request):
if self.has_body(request):
return {'body': self.from_json(request.body)}
else:
return {}
[docs]
class JSONResponseSerializer(object):
def _sanitizer(self, obj):
"""Sanitizer method that will be passed to jsonutils.dumps."""
if hasattr(obj, "to_dict"):
return obj.to_dict()
if isinstance(obj, multidict.MultiDict):
return obj.mixed()
return jsonutils.to_primitive(obj)
[docs]
def to_json(self, data):
return jsonutils.dump_as_bytes(data, default=self._sanitizer)
[docs]
def default(self, response, result):
response.content_type = 'application/json'
body = self.to_json(result)
body = encodeutils.to_utf8(body)
response.body = body
[docs]
def translate_exception(req, e):
"""Translates all translatable elements of the given exception."""
# The RequestClass attribute in the webob.dec.wsgify decorator
# does not guarantee that the request object will be a particular
# type; this check is therefore necessary.
if not hasattr(req, "best_match_language"):
return e
locale = req.best_match_language()
if isinstance(e, webob.exc.HTTPError):
e.explanation = i18n.translate(e.explanation, locale)
e.detail = i18n.translate(e.detail, locale)
if getattr(e, 'body_template', None):
e.body_template = i18n.translate(e.body_template, locale)
return e
[docs]
class Resource(object):
"""
WSGI app that handles (de)serialization and controller dispatch.
Reads routing information supplied by RoutesMiddleware and calls
the requested action method upon its deserializer, controller,
and serializer. Those three objects may implement any of the basic
controller action methods (create, update, show, index, delete)
along with any that may be specified in the api router. A 'default'
method may also be implemented to be used in place of any
non-implemented actions. Deserializer methods must accept a request
argument and return a dictionary. Controller methods must accept a
request argument. Additionally, they must also accept keyword
arguments that represent the keys returned by the Deserializer. They
may raise a webob.exc exception or return a dict, which will be
serialized by requested content type.
"""
def __init__(self, controller, deserializer=None, serializer=None):
"""
:param controller: object that implement methods created by routes lib
:param deserializer: object that supports webob request deserialization
through controller-like actions
:param serializer: object that supports webob response serialization
through controller-like actions
"""
self.controller = controller
self.serializer = serializer or JSONResponseSerializer()
self.deserializer = deserializer or JSONRequestDeserializer()
@webob.dec.wsgify(RequestClass=Request)
def __call__(self, request):
"""WSGI method that controls (de)serialization and method dispatch."""
action_args = self.get_action_args(request.environ)
action = action_args.pop('action', None)
body_reject = strutils.bool_from_string(
action_args.pop('body_reject', None))
try:
if body_reject and self.deserializer.has_body(request):
msg = _('A body is not expected with this request.')
raise webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=msg)
deserialized_request = self.dispatch(self.deserializer,
action, request)
action_args.update(deserialized_request)
action_result = self.dispatch(self.controller, action,
request, **action_args)
except webob.exc.WSGIHTTPException as e:
e = translate_exception(request, e)
raise e.with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])
except UnicodeDecodeError:
msg = _("Error decoding your request. Either the URL or the "
"request body contained characters that could not be "
"decoded by Glance")
raise webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=msg)
except exception.InvalidPropertyProtectionConfiguration as e:
LOG.exception(_LE("Caught error: %s"), e)
raise webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=e.msg)
except Exception as e:
LOG.exception(_LE("Caught error: %s"), e)
response = webob.exc.HTTPInternalServerError()
return response
# We cannot serialize an Exception, so return the action_result
if isinstance(action_result, Exception):
return action_result
try:
response = webob.Response(request=request)
self.dispatch(self.serializer, action, response, action_result)
return response
except webob.exc.WSGIHTTPException as e:
return translate_exception(request, e)
except webob.exc.HTTPException as e:
return e
# return unserializable result (typically a webob exc)
except Exception:
return action_result
[docs]
def dispatch(self, obj, action, *args, **kwargs):
"""Find action-specific method on self and call it."""
try:
method = getattr(obj, action)
except AttributeError:
method = getattr(obj, 'default')
return method(*args, **kwargs)
[docs]
def get_action_args(self, request_environment):
"""Parse dictionary created by routes library."""
try:
args = request_environment['wsgiorg.routing_args'][1].copy()
except Exception:
return {}
try:
del args['controller']
except KeyError:
pass
try:
del args['format']
except KeyError:
pass
return args
